Global Campus Open Knowledge Repository

Our Open Knowledge Repository is a digital service that collects, preserves, and distributes all digital materials resulting from the rich and varied production of the Global Campus of Human Rights. It is an ever growing collection which aims to give visibility to our research outputs, educational content, and multimedia materials; sustain open access for knowledge transfer; and foster communication within and beyond academia.

 

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A preventable death? Addressing protection gaps in the Council of Europe's human rights framework on femicide: a comparative analysis of the Netherlands and Spain
(2026) den Held, Mirthe Helene; Benoît-Rohmer, Florence
Femicide is the most extreme manifestation of violence against women and girls. Within the Council of Europe, the Istanbul Convention was drafted specifically to combat such violence. Despite these developments, femicide remains an urgent human rights concern throughout Europe. This raises the question of whether the human rights framework of the Council of Europe sufficiently protects women against femicides. By means of a doctrinal legal analysis, this thesis examines the adequacy of the approaches to femicide of both the Istanbul Convention and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Case studies of Spain and the Netherlands illustrate how the framework is implemented in national jurisdictions. The research question is: “To what extent does the Council of Europe’s human rights framework provide adequate protection against femicide, and how are its strengths and limitations reflected in the approaches of Spain and the Netherlands?” The findings demonstrate that femicide is currently not sufficiently recognised in the Council of Europe. Without explicitly identifying femicide as a human rights issue, it is impossible to address its manifestations and root causes. The effective prevention of femicide requires a paradigm shift whereby gendered issues are no longer viewed in an androcentric way, and violence against women is not regarded as a private matter. Moreover, this thesis makes various suggestions as to how the existing framework of the Council of Europe can further incorporate femicide protection.
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Judging in the age of cyborg justice. Symbolic foundations of judicial authority against faceless adjudication in Brazil
(2026) Oliveira, Luis Filipe : de Paula Ferreira de; Mälksoo, Lauri; Värv, Age
Brazil is among the global leaders in the digital transformation of the judiciary, particularly through the Justiça 4.0 program, which has driven the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in courts. Mapping these initiatives reveals the growing use of large language models (LLMs), including in adjudication-related activities. Against this backdrop, this research examined the limits of AI in judicial decision-making and the viability of adopting robot judges in the future of Justice 4.0. The study concludes that a highly automated model is incompatible with the principles of due process and the natural judge, as developed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in cases on judicial anonymity, whose reflections on accountability and liability remain relevant to the current debate. Furthermore, robot judges lack the symbolic legitimacy inherent to the jurisdictional function. Drawing on Dworkin and Bourdieu, it is argued that judicial decisions involve a complex, contextualized, and humanized hermeneutic process whose authority depends on social recognition. While Greek heroic archetypes help illuminate this legitimacy, analogies with indigenous and Afro-Brazilian figures are proposed as more adequate reflections of Latin America's sociopolitical complexities.
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From limbo to belonging: participation through physical and recreational activities among Ukrainian women under temporary protection in Finland
(2026) de Groot, Cathelijne M.M.; Engström, Viljam; Pirjatanniemi, Elina
Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 led to the activation of the European Union's Temporary Protection Directive (TPD), allowing millions of displaced Ukrainians to settle temporarily across Europe. While temporary protection (TP) provides immediate access to residency, employment, and social services, it also creates prolonged uncertainty about the future. Existing research increasingly recognises the role of sport in supporting the integration of forced migrants. Yet most studies focus on permanent settlement trajectories and overlook how temporary legal status, gender, and uncertainty shape participation. This thesis examines how Ukrainian women under temporary protection experience participation in physical and recreational activities in the Turku region of Finland and what these experiences reveal about social inclusion, belonging, and everyday life under TP. The study adopts a socio-legal mixed-methods approach, combining an analysis of international, European, and Finnish legal and policy frameworks with empirical research consisting of semi-structured interviews with service providers and a questionnaire completed by Ukrainian women under temporary protection. The empirical data were analysed using Braun and Clarke's reflexive thematic analysis. The findings show that participation in sport provides opportunities for well-being, routine, social support, and community-building during prolonged uncertainty. At the same time, participation is constrained by interconnected structural and personal barriers, including language, childcare responsibilities, transport, financial costs, information gaps, and temporary legal status. Belonging does not emerge automatically through participation; rather, it develops through trust, familiarity, and socially safe environments, which in turn promote continued participation. The thesis concludes that integration under TP differs from standard integration trajectories. Participation alone is insufficient to help bring about inclusion unless supported by accessible, gender-sensitive, and socially supportive environments. The findings demonstrate that belonging is not only an outcome of participation but also a prerequisite for meaningful participation and long-term inclusion.
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Justice delayed, justice denied. A case study of crimmigration and the infringement of human rights in the Mediterranean
(2026) Colburn Arrubarrena, Nekane Inés; DeBono, Daniela
This thesis examines the ways in which crimmigration: the convergence of criminal and immigration law, infringes upon the human rights of migrants within the Mediterranean migration context, with particular focus on the El Hiblu 3 case in Malta. Using a qualitative case study approach and reflexive thematic analysis of eight media articles, it traces how crimmigration operates not through a single act but through an accumulation of mechanisms: the construction of a threatening migrant narrative, the application of maximalist criminal charges, and the prolonged legal proceedings that together produce a condition this thesis calls legal limbo. The thesis draws on the European Convention on Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the 1951 Refugee Convention, and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child to measure the conditions experienced by the El Hiblu 3 against Malta's binding human rights obligations. It argues that legal limbo: a state of prolonged procedural suspension between accusation and verdict, is itself a form of harm that the human rights framework was designed to prevent, and that slow violence, as theorized by Nixon, captures the cumulative and largely invisible nature of that harm. Malta is examined not as an exception but as a concentration of broader EU border governance logic, in which deterrence, externalization, and the criminalization of movement have consistently taken precedence over rights-based approaches to migration.
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Workplace democracy. Theory, practice, and the cooperatives of Veneto
(2026) Subtil, António Jorge : Carvalho; Perulli, Adalberto
The present work seeks to critically evaluate Workplace Democracy, that is, the submission of managerial authority within a workplace to electoral scrutiny by its workers. It establishes a negative-positive freedoms framework to structure the theoretical benefits of Workplace Democracy, suggesting, based on current literature, that Workplace Democracy may help prevent domination of management by workers (negative argument) and that it may help workers self-develop into active participants in their workplace and wider society (positive argument). It further establishes that Workplace Democracy is mainly practiced in the real world through cooperatives, co-determination, and, residually, employee-ownership schemes, and that the theoretical benefits suggested are not herein consistent, being circumstance-dependant. This study further conducts two interviews and a survey, both with cooperatives’ members, to determine if the negative and positive arguments apply to cooperatives in Veneto. The interviews suggest that the negative argument may more easily apply than the positive argument, with participation requiring active promotion and education within the cooperative. The survey failed to achieve statistical significance, but, for the participants, both negative and positive arguments apply. The study suggests at last that the creation of a Workplace Democracy Index, with participation as a pillar, can further the field’s understanding of Workplace Democracy, by seeking to actively measure participation within democratic workplaces, instead of assuming it as a default.