Voices amplified or silenced? Navigating the impact of generative AI on freedom of expression in Mexican elections

Abstract

This thesis explores the impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) on freedom of expression and electoral integrity in the context of the 2024 Mexican elections. It examines the dual nature of GenAI as both a tool for expanding creative expression and a potential threat to democratic processes through the spread of disinformation. The research adopts a human rights-based approach, analysing international legal frameworks and their application to the digital age. The study provides an in-depth analysis of the Mexican electoral landscape, including its complex geo-electoral system and digital divide. It documents various instances of AI-generated content during the election cycle, ranging from disinformation campaigns to creative political expressions. The thesis acknowledges the intense debate surrounding GenAI's impact on election integrity. While some researchers warn of its potential to amplify disinformation, others argue these concerns may be overstated. The research emphasises the need for a multidisciplinary approach to develop robust detection methods, strengthen media literacy, and foster evidence-based discussions on AI's role in democratic systems. This thesis serves as a starting point for further exploration of the effect of technological transformations on society, calling for human rights-centred regulatory frameworks and multi-stakeholder participation to align technological advancements with democratic principles.