The unseen victims: understanding the influence of gender stereotypes on the recognition of sexual violence against men in armed conflicts. Study case of Kosovo

Abstract

This thesis explores the often-overlooked plight of male victims of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) within the context of pervasive gender stereotypes, particularly focusing on the case of Kosovo. Despite advancements in international legal frameworks and a growing recognition of male victims in more recent legal instruments, practical implementation frequently falls short. The prevailing perceptions of masculinity, associating maleness with resilience and invulnerability, continue to obscure the experiences and needs of male victims. The analysis reveals that while Kosovo’s legal system acknowledges male victims of sexual violence, societal norms and expectations significantly hinder their access to justice and support. Utilizing a combination of descriptive and analytical, methodologies, the research examines international legal documents, case law, and Kosovo’s legislative responses to sexual violence. The findings reveal some biases in how male victims are perceived and treated, stemming from deep-rooted gender stereotypes that associate masculinity with strength and invulnerability and femininity with victimhood. Notably, the thesis suggests some changes to address these disparities for the Kosovo context. For instance it highlights the need for comprehensive training programs for humanitarian and medical personnel to recognize and address the specific needs of male survivors, ensuring accurate record-keeping and appropriate support services.