Democracy beyond the present. Exploring the participation and representation of future generations in democratic systems

Abstract

The actions of the present generations shape the lives of those yet to be born, creating a temporal bond. Raising questions of intergenerational justice and solidarity, this concept of future generations is an emerging issue in International Human Rights Law that is becoming increasingly influential in relation to global issues. On a national level, it exposes fundamental deficiencies in democracy’s capacity for long-term decision-making and its presentism-bias. This is reflected in the structural and substantive exclusion of future generations in democratic processes. Against this background, the thesis addresses the central research question: How can democracies realise the rights of future generations through the tools of participation and representation, and what part can children play in this process? Using a desk research methodology that combines systematic literature review with empirical examples, and building on democratic theory and human rights frameworks, this thesis argues that future generations should be recognised as rights holders, while present generations act as duty bearers responsible for safeguarding their interests. The findings reveal a significant gap between theoretical commitments and their practical application. Despite recent normative developments, the implementation of the promotion, protection, and democratic representation of future generations remains limited to a few exceptions. Strengthening mechanisms of participation and representation is therefore essential for embedding long-term thinking in democratic systems and for effectively delivering for future generations. Subsequently, this thesis proposes a multi-layered approach that combines legal recognition with institutional innovations, including dedicated bodies, procedural reforms, and participatory mechanisms. Particular attention is given to the potential role of children for future generations, for example through models of participation or representative roles.